1	Footnotes
2	What is the purpose of a footnote? Gives the source of facts and opinions that appear in a paper. If you quote, paraphrase or summarize, you must indicate where the original information can be found. Allows readers to check for accuracy, judge bias or credibility, conduct further research. Demonstrates the capabilities of the researcher; gives reader trust in the writer. Footnotes also can be used to make additional comments. Footnotes should make it as easy as possible for others to check your sources.
3	What needs to be footnoted? Direct quotations Controversial facts and opinions Information that is not widely known, whether fact or opinion Statements that directly support the main points made in your paper Do not quote dates, universally agreed upon facts. If in doubt, supply documentation
4	Where should footnotes be placed in the text? Notes may be placed: After each specific reference, OR At the end of each paragraph indicating multiple references If a great deal of material comes from one specific source, you might indicate that at the beginning of that section. “Unless otherwise indicated all of the following material comes from…” The key is the ease of use for the reader without breaking up the flow of the narrative. How many footnotes should there be in a paper?
5	Footnotes, Endnotes, Annotations Most modern word processors facilitate the use of footnotes. This is the preferred mode. Endnotes are nonetheless acceptable. In a book or article addressed to a popular audience you may choose to use annotations. There are no numbered footnotes in the text. The sources of information are clearly delineated on a page by page basis.
6	Format Most historical journals use the Chicago Manual of Style. Turabian is a shorter version of these rules. Historical journals do not use parenthetical citations. Whatever style you use, be consistent. Please note the differences between footnote format and bibliography format.
7	Citing references more than once Use Ibid when the reference is the same as the preceding reference. Use the last name of the author and the page number, when you have cited the source before, but it is not the immediately preceding citation. Where there is more than one citation by the same author, use the last name, title of book or article (this can be shortened), and page number.
8	Citing Online References The most important thing in citing online references is that the reader can locate the document that you are citing. The citation should include the title of the document, the name of the web page,CD, data base or collection it can be found in, the URL (in carats < >) and the date that you looked at it in the simplest form possible. If you found the information via a search, you may have to reproduce the steps that you took with the note.
9	Citing Online References--2 Thus, if citing the American Life Histories page from the American Memory site: U.S. Library of Congress, American Memory: American Life Histories, Manuscripts from the Federal Writers Project, 1936-1940 , <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/wpaintro/wpahome.html.> [September 30, 2002] If citing an article found on the Making of America site: Gorow, Borys F. , “Sport in Russia,” Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine. (Volume 16, Issue 94), 422-425 in Making of America Journals <http://www.hti.umich.edu/m/moajrnl/> [September 30, 2002] If you are citing the results of a search, you should indicate that clearly: Results of Author search on term "hawes joseph" in WorldCat database. Available [Online]: OCLC FirstSearch/All Databases/WorldCat [2 November 1996]. U.S. General Accounting Office. 1995. U.S. Vietnam relations: Issues and implications. Available [Online]: <http://bubba.ucc.okstate.edu/wais/GPOAccess> Select: General Accounting Office Reports, 10/94- Search: "vietnam relations" [25 October 1996].
10	When should you use a quotation? Hellstrom et al: “You should quote directly from a source when the original language is distinctive enough to enhance your argument or when reordering the passage would lessen its impact. Jules Benjamin: Unless the exact words of your source are crucial to making an important point, or unless great controversy surround the statement, it is not necessary to use a quotation. Jules Tygiel Use a quote that summarizes the arguments advanced by another author or when it brightens up your own writing.
11	Rules for using quotations Don’t quote too frequently. Avoid using lengthy quotes unless absolutely necessary. Long quotes should be single-spaced and blocked out. Keep in mind that many readers skip over block quotes. Don’t use blind quotes. Cite the source from which you took your quote. If it is not the original source, say “As cited in.” Keep in mind that the original may be misquoted in a second source.