FPO: LECTURE

 

 FRO DEFINITION

 Definition

“FPO means: the way in which the people of a country have attempted to adapt to their situation in the international system, i.e. how they orient to the world beyond their borders” (The 550 book)

Two aspects of FPO

Worldviews: attitudes, ideologies, myths, beliefs, perceptions, strategies

Behavior: general and specific policies

Timing

The last 10 to 15 years

Break-point

To have a leverage to argue

Emphasis on change

  

FPO AXES I: GOALS AND MEANS 

What? (goals)

Power

maintaining and maximizing p./econ./military power (relative control)

Prosperity

more equal rights and opportunities

Equality

more equal social/econ. conditions

 

How? (means):

Power

Econ/ military build-up;

unilateralism or aliances

Prosperity

Protection of p./some econ rights

Institutions building

Multilateralism

Equality

Protection of p./econ./social rights

Coalition building and protest

Multilateralism and non-alignment

 

Ex: various responses to Sep 11:

1. Hegemonic response (realism): threat to n. security à mil response

2. Liberalism: threat to our modern p. and econ institutions à create conditions for better establishment and expansion of modernity (incentives and property rights, elections)

3. Egalitarian: threat to capitalism (its distributionary principles)à fight the poverty/ change the system’s distributionary principles (Tobin tax)

  

FPO AXES II: MAGNITUDE

 

How aggressive/defensive the state is in promoting FP goals: two poles

Active/aggressive vs. passive/defensive

Possible argument

FPO change from more defensive to more aggressive

Varieties

Aggressive/hegemonic vs. defensive realism

Aggressive/hegemonic vs. defensive liberalism

Aggressive/hegemonic vs. defensive socialism

  

FPO AXES III: GEOGRAPHY         

 

What?

To which country/region FP activities are especially tailored

 

CONCEPTS & INDICATORS I:

OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS AND CULTURAL PERCEPTIONS

 

 

POWER

PROSPERITY

EQUALITY

 
World p. system: threat or oprtnty?

  

 

 

 

 

Intentions of others: hostile or friendly?

 

 

  


Geography/ resources: threat or oprtnty?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

History/Media

 

 

 

 

 

 
Ideology

 

 

 

 

 

  

Goals/principles

 

 

 



Beliefs

Values

Attitudes

Images

 

 Polarity:
Anarchy
Potential threats

 
 

Indicators of comparative military capabilities (army, weapons)

 
Potentially hostile

 
Leaders’ statements over time, wars, regimes differences

 

 
Relative isolation from potential threats

 

Proximity to water; other geogr/climate protection

 

Resource strengths and high indepdnce

 

Comparative aggregate economic and demographic indicators (GNP; popul size)

 

 

Emphasis of power, patriotsm, suspicion tow others

 

Textbooks and mainstream media

 

 

Leadership’s ideology and goals

 

Public statements/ speeches over time; intellectual schools and consensus

 

 

Key leadership documents

 Leaders’ statements over time;

 



Leaders’ statements over time;

elites’ and society’s beliefs;

bestselling books

 

 Institutions: Opportunities
Low securty threats Inter-dependence

 

Indicators of econ & political (institutional) interdependence

 

Cooperative
within area of
interdependence

 

 

 

Proximity to possib trade partners

 

 

 

 

 Available resources for compar advtge

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Emphasis of oprtnties, progress, individualism

 

 

 

 

 S/econ. conditions: Inequality Dependency Exploitation

 


Indicators of …

 

  

Cooperative within area of socialism,
hostile outside

 

 

 

 Relative poverty, early isolation from the centers of world capitalism, later dependence

 

 

 
Resources insufficiency & dependence

 

 

 

 

 

 

Emphasis of freedom from inequality/exploitn, responsibility for helping poor

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CONCEPTS & INDICATORS II: NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 

 

 

POWER

PROSPERITY

EQUALITY

 
P. participation: how high?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Authority:
decision making and power division system

 

 

 

 

 

 

Stability of the authority system

 

 Citizen’s involvmnt is relatively low

 

How much power does the state have relative to society?

 

 

 

Power & decision making system is highly concentrated

 

Who’s the formal decision maker?

What are the checks and balances?

 

 

Levels of elite & public support

 

 Higher citizen involvement, interest groups

 

 

 

 

 

 
Less concentrated

 

 

 

 

 

 

 High citizen involvement, social movements

 

 

 

 

 

 

Highly concentrated

 

 

 

 

 

CONCEPTS & INDICATORS III: SECURITY POLICIES

 

 

POWER

PROSPERITY

EQUALITY
Institutions

 

 

 

 

  

 

Perceived threat

 

 

 

 

 

 

Security strategy

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 A case from the past

 

 Highly concentrated security decision making system

 

Institutionl analyses (constitutions, political scientists)

 

 

High military insecurity

 

Current leaders’ statements;

specific policies;

mainstream media and intellectuals

 

Shoring up national security:

Security build-up Balancing through alliances or deterrence

Unilateralism

(relative gains)

 

FP documents, statements, doctrines

 

Illustration of security build-up, alliances, uniltrsm

 

 More evenly concentrated system

 

 

 

 

 

 
Human right violations

Isolation

 

 

 

 

 

Cooperative: Regimes

Collective security

Institutions Multilateralism

(absolute gains)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Varies

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Dependency

Exploitation

 

 

 

 

 

 Coalition building

Global security Multilateralism & non-alignment

(common good)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 CONCEPTS & INDICATORS IV: FOREIGN ECONOMIC POLICIES

 

 

POWER

PROSPERITY

EQUALITY

 
Institutions 

 

 

 

 

Perceived threat

 

 

 

For. econ. strategy

 

 

 

 

Case from the past

 

 Highly concentrated decision making system

Economy is a matter of security

 

 

Relative backwardness

 

 



Controlling IOs;

Protectionism;

Militarized economy

 

 

 Less concentrated system

Economy is more separated from security

 

 

Inefficiency

Low competitveness

Poverty

 

Free trade;

Joining existng IOs;

Export promotion

 

 

 

 

 

 Holistic system

Economy is more important than security

 

 

 
Global expoitation

 

 

 

Global egalitarian NGOs & institutions

Isolationism & import substitution