History of The International Conferences

on Naturalistic Decision Making

	When	Where	Accomplishments	Publications
1	1989	Dayton	This Conference helped set the stage for expanding the study of problem solving and decision making, linking it to expertise studies, making it more pertinent to the needs of the applied community, and giving greater focus on national needs. This Conference served as a "call."	Klein, G., Orasanu, J., Calderwood R., & Zsambok, C. E. (Eds), (1993). Decision making in action: Models and methods. NJ: Ablex.
2	1994	Dayton	The focus was more specific, dealing with a host of application areas and some tentative results from NDM work. Ideas for future directions were charted since NDM was still largely a promissory note.	Zsambok, C. E., & Klein, G. (Eds.), (1997). Naturalistic Decision Making. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
3	1996	Aberdeen, Scotland	This Conference highlighted the interest in NDM on the part of European researchers, and served to integrate the ideas of NDM with the existing paradigms in the European community, such as Work Analysis.	Flin, R., & Salas, E. (1998). Decision making under stress: Emerging themes and applications. Ashgate.
4	1998	Washington DC	This Conference represented some of the pay-off from the initial promissory notes. A host of research studies was presented on diverse topics. There was a healthy debate on the relation of NDM to other paradigms, including those of human factors and "cognition in the wild."	Salas, E., & Klein, G. (2001). Linking expertise and naturalistic decision making. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
5	2000	Stockholm, Sweden	This Conference was organized around a matrix combining methodology (Cognitive Task Analysis, Observational Methods, Microworld Techniques) and application areas (Distributed Decision Making, Decision Errors, Learning From Experience, Motivation and Emotion, and Situation Awareness and Training).	B. Brehmer, R. Lipshitz, & H. Montgomery (Eds.), How professionals make decisions. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

6	2003	Pensacola Beach, FL	A theme to this NDM was "Expertise out of Context," and the problems and issues that arise when experts have to confront situations that fall outside of the range of "the routine." this includes the context in which NDM researchers have to be able to work as "Expert Apprentices" and rapidly come up to speed on some new domain of study. In addition to presentations on a variety of domains (e.g., medicine, space exploration, military command and control), there were many discussions of NDM and Cognitive Task Analysis methodology, including the relation of NDM to traditional laboratory science and the relation of microcognition to macrocognition.	Hoffman, R. R. (Ed.) (2006). Expertise out of context: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Naturalistic Decision Making. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
7	2005	Amsterdam, The Netherlands	Five themes were emphasized in this conference: adaptive decision support, cognitive ethnography, crime and decision making, crisis management, and medical decision making. In sessions, the NDM framework was applied to new and diverse domains, such as landmine detection, judgments in crime situations, and space exploration.	CD of Proceedings distributed at conference. Edited book in progress.

*Adapted from Robert Hoffman, NDM 6 Organizer