Background to the Reformation
Population crisis of the 14th century
rats, yersinia pestis, bubonic, pneumonic, septicemic plagues
Spread of the plague
Simony
Absenteeism
Defiance of
chastity
Pluralism
Extravagance
Babylonian
Captivity
Indulgences
Lollards
Jan Huss and
the Hussite rebellion
Taborites
Explanations
for the Reformation: subterranean causes
1. Rise of Mercenary armies
2. Printing and books
3. Lay education
4. Rise of urban elites
5. Resentment of monasteries
6. Humanism and individualism
7. Religious devotion
Princes and the Reformation
Catholic Counter-Reformation
New monastic orders
Jesuits
Rise of ideology and the first European civil war
Simony,
absenteeism, pluralism, Conciliarist movement, John Wycliffe (1330-1384), Jan Hus
(1370-1415), Utraquists, John of Ghent (1340-1399), Lollards, Council of Constance,
Taborites, Johannes Gutenberg, Humanism, scriptoria, stationers, Vulgate, relics,
Frederick III of Saxony “the Wise” (1463-1525), Martin Luther, “Justification
by Faith,” Wittenberg, 95 Theses, Johannes Eck, Diet of Worms. Sacraments: baptism,
the eucharist, confirmation, matrimony, penance, holy orders, extreme unction. Transubstantiation, consubstantiation,
Anabaptists, Münster, Mennonites, Peasants’ Revolt (1525), Huldrych Zwingli, Henry
VIII, Holy Roman Empire, Charlemagne, St. Teresa of Avila, Carmelites, Capuchins,
Franciscans, Theatines, Ursulines, Jesuits, Ignatius of Loyola, Schmalkaldic League, Peace
of Augsburg, Huguenots, Edict of Nantes
